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Letter of the Latin alphabet

H
H h
(See beneath)

Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç]
Unicode codepoint	`U+0048, U+0068`
Alphabetical position	viii
History
Development	Η η 𐌇 H h
Fourth dimension period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ $\mathbb {H}$
Sisters	И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ
Variations	(See beneath)
Other
Other messages ordinarily used with	h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (ten)h
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the stardom betwixt [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, run into IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

H, or h, is the eighth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph fence	Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr	Phoenician Heth	Greek Heta	Etruscan H	Latin H

The original Semitic alphabetic character Heth almost likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.

The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to correspond a long vowel, /ɛː/, still represented a like sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter eta is also known as Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the alphabetic character Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.

While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, virtually all Romance languages lost the audio—Romanian afterwards re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing information technology over again; various Castilian dialects have developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in well-nigh Spanish-speaking countries, and diverse dialects of Portuguese use it equally an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is besides used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English language; /x/ in High german, Czech, Smoothen, Slovak, one native discussion of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.

Name in English

For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced equally and spelled "aitch"^[i] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is often considered to be h-calculation and is considered nonstandard in England.^[2] It is, however, a characteristic of Hiberno-English,^[3] as well as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,^[4] and in Australia and Nova Scotia.

The perceived name of the letter of the alphabet affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-flop". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may exist a hypercorrection formed by illustration with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, nearly of which include the audio they represent.^[v]

The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, being used by approximately 24% of English language people built-in since 1982,^[6] and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more mutual amongst younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is nonetheless considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested every bit a legitimate variant.^[ii]

Authorities disagree well-nigh the history of the letter's name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter of the alphabet was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Erstwhile French [atʃ], and by Heart English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Lexicon of the English derives information technology from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of ii obsolete orderings of the alphabet, 1 with H immediately followed by 1000 and the other without any K: reciting the old's ..., H, K, Fifty,... every bit [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, Fifty,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.^[seven]

Apply in writing systems

English

In English language, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a unmarried-letter character (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ ^[viii]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, too as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such as hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English) and vehicle (in sure varieties of English). Initial /h/ is oftentimes non pronounced in the weak course of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including virtually regional dialects of England and Wales) information technology is often omitted in all words (run into '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a give-and-take beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", but use of a is now more usual (encounter English manufactures § Indefinite article). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ can be analyzed as a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized every bit a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨hitting⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].^[9] H is the eighth most frequently used alphabetic character in the English language language (after S, Northward, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of almost 4.ii% in words.^{[ citation needed ]} When h is placed afterward sure other consonants, information technology modifies their pronunciation in diverse ways, eastward.g. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.

Other languages

In the German, the name of the letter of the alphabet is pronounced /haː/. Post-obit a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('raise'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such as thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which keep to be spelled with ⟨thursday⟩ even after the last German spelling reform.

In Spanish and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Castilian, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent alphabetic character with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is still sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words kickoff with [je] or [we], such every bit hielo , 'water ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid defoliation between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ also appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that take merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.

In French, the proper name of the letter is written every bit "anguish" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in ii means, one of which can bear on the pronunciation, even though information technology is a silent alphabetic character either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered as though the letter were non there at all, so for case the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an H muet followed by a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the adaptation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though it is not normally aspirated phonetically), and does not let elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a fleck of a glottal stop. Most words that brainstorm with an H muet come up from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words offset with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or not-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [five] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the messages ⟨five⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).

In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its most of import uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /k/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, also as to differentiate the spellings of certain curt words that are homophones, for instance some nowadays tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they have', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).

Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian use ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.

In Hungarian, the alphabetic character has no fewer than v pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may represent /h/ as in the proper noun of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ as in tehén; it represents /x/ in the give-and-take doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. As part of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter c equally in the proper name Széchenyi; it represents, again, with the letter c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in certain environments information technology breaks palatalization of a consonant, as in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, information technology acts as a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].

In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨г⟩.

In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is not considered an contained letter of the alphabet, except for a very few non-native words, still ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known equally a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to supplant the original course of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, later on the introduction of typewriters.

In most dialects of Smooth, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /10/.

In Basque, during the 20th century information technology was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accustomed if it were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.

Other systems

As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the so-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the apparently letter of the alphabet are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the pocket-sized capital course ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to represent aspiration.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ ^[10]
ᴴ : Modifier letter of the alphabet H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet^[11]
ₕ : Subscript small h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[12]
ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies^[13]
ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[fourteen]
Ƕ ƕ : Latin alphabetic character hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic alphabetic character 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters^[xv]
Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul^[16]

Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets

𐤇 : Semitic alphabetic character Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the post-obit symbols derive
  - 𐌇 : Quondam Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
    - ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter of the alphabet haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Quondam Italic H
  - Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
  - И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter of the alphabet Eta
  - 𐌷 : Gothic letter of the alphabet haal

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

$h$ : Planck constant
ℏ : reduced Planck abiding
$\mathbb {H}$ : Blackboard bold uppercase H used in quaternion notation

Calculating codes

Character information
Preview	H		h
Unicode name	LATIN Majuscule Alphabetic character H		LATIN Pocket-size LETTER H
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex
Unicode	72	U+0048	104	U+0068
UTF-eight	72	48	104	68
Numeric character reference	H	H	h	h
EBCDIC family	200	C8	136	88
ASCII ¹	72	48	104	68

¹ and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

Run into too

American Sign Language grammar
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H

References

^ ^a ^b "H" Oxford English language Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
^ ^a ^b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Dolan, T. P. (i Jan 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish gaelic Use of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of Earth Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Automobile. University of Cambridge.
^ Todd, 50. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Lexicon, folio 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /w/ take merged
^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Lawman, Peter (xix April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Feb 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 Jan 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode half-dozen Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add together Claudian Latin messages to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xiv June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ W, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

External links

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 Apr 2021 (2021-04-03), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

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